Al- liance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion (New York: Seven Stories Press, 1998). The U.S. Department of Justice later examined the matter in detail in "The C.I.A.-Contra-Crack Cocaine Controversy: A Review of the Justice Departments Investigations and Prosecutions," avail- able as of this writing at www.usdoj.gov/oig/special/9712/ch01p1.htm. 111 gangs in america: See Frederick Thrasher, The Gang (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1927). 113 The Shrinking of Various Black-White Gaps, Pre-crack: See Rebecca Blank, "An Overview of Social and Economic Trends By Race," in America Becoming: Racial Trends and Their Consequences, ed. Neil J. Smelser, William Julius Wilson, and Faith Mitchell (Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 2001), pp. 21-40. / 113 Regarding black infant mortality, see Douglas V. Almond, Kenneth Y. Chay, and Michael Greenstone, "Civil Rights, the War on Poverty, and Black-White Convergence in Infant Mor- tality in Mississippi," National Bureau of Economic Research working paper, 2003. 113-14 the various destructive effects of crack are discussed in Roland G. Fryer Jr., Paul Heaton, Steven D. Levitt, and Kevin Murphy, "The Impact of Crack Cocaine," University of Chicago working paper, 2005.     4. WHERE HAVE ALL THE CRIMINALS GONE?   117-19 Nicolae Ceau¸sescus Abortion Ban: Background information on Roma- nia and the Ceau¸sescus was drawn from a variety of sources, including "East- ern Europe, the Third Communism," Time, March 18, 1966; "Ceausescu Ruled with an Iron Grip," Washington Post, December 26, 1989; Ralph Blu- menthal, "The Ceau¸sescus: 24 Years of Fierce Repression, Isolation and In- dependence," New York Times, December 26, 1989; Serge Schmemann, "In Cradle of Rumanian Revolt, Anger Quickly Overcame Fear," New York Times, December 30, 1989; Karen Breslau, "Overplanned Parenthood: Ceau¸sescus Cruel Law," Newsweek, January 22, 1990; and Nicolas Holman,     "The Economic Legacy of Ceau¸sescu," Student Economic Review, 1994. / 118 The link between the Romanian abortion ban and life outcomes has been explored in a pair of papers: Cristian Pop-Eleches, "The Impact of an Abortion Ban on Socio-Economic Outcomes of Children: Evidence from Romania," Columbia University working paper, 2002; and Cristian Pop- Eleches, "The Supply of Birth Control Methods, Education and Fertility: