25 when seven million children disappeared overnight: See Jeffrey Lieb- man, "Who Are the Ineligible EITC Recipients?" National Tax Journal 53 (2000), pp. 1165-86. Liebmans paper was citing John Szilagyi, "Where Some of Those Dependents Went," 1990 Research Conference Report: How Do We Affect Taxpayer Behavior? (Internal Revenue Service: March 1991), pp. 162-63.

25-37 Cheating Teachers in Chicago: This study, which also provides consider- able background on high-stakes testing, is detailed in two papers: Brian A. Jacob and Steven D. Levitt, "Rotten Apples: An Investigation of the Preva- lence and Predictors of Teacher Cheating," Quarterly Journal of Economics

118, no. 3 (2003), pp.
843-77; and Brian A. Jacob and Steven D. Levitt, "Catching Cheating Teachers: The Results of an Unusual Experiment in Im- plementing Theory," Brookings-Wharton Papers on Urban Affairs, 2003, pp.

185-209. / 27 The Oakland fifth-grader with the extra-helpful teacher: Based on an author interview with a former assistant superintendent of the Oakland Public Schools. / 34-35 Cheating among North Carolina teach- ers: See G. H. Gay, "Standardized Tests: Irregularities in Administering of Tests Affect Test Results," Journal of Instructional Psychology 17, no. 2 (1990), pp. 93-103. / 35-37 The story of Arne Duncan, CEO of the Chi- cago schools, was based largely on author interviews; see also Amy DOrio, "The Outsider Comes In," District Administration: The Magazine for K-12

Education Leaders, August 2002; and various Chicago Tribune articles by Ray

Quintanilla.

37-38 the university of georgia basketball test was made public when the university released 1,500 pages of documents in response to an investigation by the National Collegiate Athletic Association.

38-45 Cheating in Sumo: See Mark Duggan and Steven D. Levitt, "Winning Isnt Everything: Corruption in Sumo Wrestling," American Economic Review 92, no. 5 (December 2002), pp. 1594-1605. / 38-45

There is a lot to know about sumo, and quite a bit can be found in these books: Mina Hall, The Big Book of Sumo (Berkeley, Calif.: Stonebridge Press, 1997); Keisuke Itai, Nakabon (Tokyo: Shogakkan Press, 2000); and Onaruto, Yaocho (Tokyo: Line Books, 2000). / 44 Two sumo whistleblowers die mysteriously: See Sheryl WuDunn, "Sumo Wrestlers (Theyre BIG) Facing a Hard Fall," New York Times, June 28, 1996; and Anthony Spaeth, "Sumo Quake: Japans Revered Sport Is Marred by Charges of Tax Evasion, Match Fixing, Ties to