overgeneralize a bit, the first list describes things that parents are; the second list describes things that parents do. Parents who are well educated, successful, and healthy tend to have children who test well in school; but it doesnt seem to much matter whether a child is trotted off to museums or spanked or sent to Head Start or frequently read to or plopped in front of the television. For parents-and parenting experts-who are obsessed with child-rearing technique, this may be sobering news. The reality is that technique looks to be highly overrated. But this is not to say that parents dont matter. Plainly they matter a great deal. Here is the conundrum: by the time most people pick up a parenting book, it is far too late. Most of the things that matter were decided long ago-who you are, whom you married, what kind of life you lead. If you are smart, hardworking, well educated, well paid, and married to someone equally fortunate, then your children are more likely to succeed. (Nor does it hurt, in all likelihood, to be hon- est, thoughtful, loving, and curious about the world.) But it isnt so much a matter of what you do as a parent; its who you are. In this re- gard, an overbearing parent is a lot like a political candidate who be- lieves that money wins elections, whereas in truth, all the money in the world cant get a candidate elected if the voters dont like him to start with. In a paper titled "The Nature and Nurture of Economic Out- comes," the economist Bruce Sacerdote addressed the nature-nurture debate by taking a long-term quantitative look at the effects of parenting. He used three adoption studies, two American and one British, each of them containing in-depth data about the adopted       FREAK ONOMIC S